Use of isoniazid chemoprophylaxis in renal transplant recipients

BACKGROUND: The use of isoniazid (INH) as chemoprophylaxis for tuberculosis (TB) in renal transplant recipients has not been widely studied or reported from a country where TB is endemic. We are reporting here the results of the largest ever-reported randomized, prospective study of the use of INH in renal transplant recipients. METHODS: Four hundred consecutive live related renal transplant recipients between April 2001 and September 2004, from this single center, were randomized to receive or not receive INH for 1 year after transplantation. RESULTS: There were 12 dropouts. Of the remaining 388, 181 recipients received INH for 1 year post-transplant and 207 did not. The primary disease, comorbidities, HLA (human leucocyte antigen) match, immunosuppression, episodes of rejection, the use of anti-rejection agents, a past history of TB in the donor, the recipients and in family members living in same house and a history of TB in the family were factors compared in the two groups. The only significant difference between the two groups was that there was an increased family history of TB in recipients who received INH (P = 0.01). One recipient from the INH group and 16 recipients from the non-INH group developed TB (P = 0.0003). Discontinuation of INH for hepatotoxicity was not required in any patient. CONCLUSION: These results provide evidence that the use of INH following renal transplantation should be considered mandatory in geographical areas where the prevalence of TB is high. Furthermore, these results have important implication in patients from such areas who are immunosuppressed following other kinds of transplantation and for those who are immunocompromised for any other reason.